Christopher is author of the biography of Francesco Crispi (OUP 2002), A Concise History of Italy (CUP) and Fascism and the Mafia (Yale 1989). Penguin Press published The Making of Italy, a major history of Italy from 1860 to the present day, to widespread critical acclaim. He is now writing Fascist Voices: A History of Fascism in Italy 1919-1945 for The Bodley Head UK and OUP US.